Series: Loeb Classical Library

Pliny the Elder, tireless researcher and writer, is the author of the encyclopedic Natural History, in 37 books, an unrivalled compendium of Roman knowledge. The contents of the books are as follows: Book 1: table of contents of the others and of authorities; 2: mathematical and metrological survey of the universe; 3-6: geography and ethnography of the known world; 7:...

Dio Cassius (Cassius Dio), circa 150–235 CE, was born at Nicaea in Bithynia in Asia Minor. On the death of his father, the Roman governor of Cilicia, he went to Rome in 180, entered the Senate, and became an advocate under the emperor Commodus. He held high offices and became a close friend of several emperors. He was appointed governor...

Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus, 65–8 BCE) was born at Venusia, the son of a freedman clerk who ensured he received a good education in Rome and Athens. Horace initially supported the ill-fated assassins of Caesar, which resulted in the loss of his property. He then became a secretary in the Treasury and began writing poetry. Maecenas, a lover of literature...

Cicero (Marcus Tullius, 106–43 BCE), Roman lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, of whom we know more than of any other Roman, lived through the stirring era which saw the rise, dictatorship, and death of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic. In his political speeches, especially in his correspondence, we see the excitement, tension, and intrigue of politics and the part...

Lucan (M. Annaeus Lucanus, 39–65 CE), son of the wealthy M. Annaeus Mela and nephew of Seneca, was born at Corduba (Cordova) in Spain and was brought as a baby to Rome. In 60 CE, at a festival in Emperor Nero's honour, Lucan praised him in a panegyric and was promoted to one or two minor offices. However, having defeated...

The historian Polybius (ca. 200–118 BCE) was born into a leading family of Megalopolis in the Peloponnese (Morea) and served the Achaean League in arms and diplomacy for many years, favouring alliance with Rome. From 168 to 151 he was held hostage in Rome, where he became a friend of Lucius Aemilius Paulus and his two sons, especially Scipio Aemilianus,...

Hesiod describes himself as a Boeotian shepherd who heard the Muses call upon him to sing about the gods. His exact dates are unknown, but he has often been considered a younger contemporary of Homer. The first volume of this revised Loeb Classical Library edition offers Hesiod's two extant poems and a generous selection of testimonia regarding his life, works,...

Sophocles (497/6–406 BCE), along with Aeschylus and Euripides, was one of the three great tragic poets of Athens, and is considered one of the world's greatest poets. The subjects of his plays were drawn from mythology and legend. Each play contains at least one heroic figure, a character whose strength, courage, or intelligence exceeds the human norm. However, these characters...

The African Q. Septimus Florens Tertullianus (ca. 150–222 CE), the great Christian writer, was born a soldier's son at Carthage, educated in Greek and Roman literature, philosophy, and medicine. He studied law and became a pleader, remaining a clever and often tortuous arguer. At Rome, he became a learned and militant Christian. After a visit to churches in Greece (and...

Euripides of Athens (ca. 485–406 BCE), famous in every age for the pathos, terror, surprising plot twists, and intellectual probing of his dramatic creations, wrote nearly ninety plays. Of these, eighteen (plus a play of unknown authorship mistakenly included with his works) have come down to us from antiquity. In this first volume of a new Loeb edition of Euripides,...

Epictetus was a crippled Greek slave of Phrygia during Nero's reign (54–68 CE) who heard lectures by the Stoic Musonius before he was freed. Expelled with other philosophers by the emperor Domitian in 89 or 92, he settled permanently in Nicopolis in Epirus. There, in a school which he called 'healing place for sick souls', he taught a practical philosophy....

Performances of Greek epics customarily began with a hymn to a god or goddess—as Hesiod's Theogony and Works and Days do. A collection of thirty-three such poems has come down to us from antiquity under the title Hymns of Homer. This new Loeb Classical Library volume contains, in addition to the Hymns, fragments of five comic poems that were connected...

Of the Greek lyric poets, Pindar (ca. 518-438 BCE) was considered "by far the greatest for the magnificence of his inspiration" according to Quintilian, while Horace judged him as "sure to win Apollo’s laurels." The esteem of the ancients may help explain why a good portion of his work was carefully preserved. Most of the Greek lyric poets come down...

Columella (Lucius Iunius Moderatus) of Gades (Cadiz) lived during the reigns of the first emperors, about 70 CE. He moved early in life to Italy, where he owned farms and lived near Rome. It is probable that he performed military service in Syria and Cilicia and that he died at Tarentum. Columella's On Agriculture (De Re Rustica) is the most...

Columella (Lucius Iunius Moderatus) of Gades (Cadiz) lived in the reigns of the first emperors to about 70 CE. He moved early in life to Italy where he owned farms and lived near Rome. It is probable that he did military service in Syria and Cilicia and that he died at Tarentum. Columella's On Agriculture (De Re Rustica) is the...

Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus) lived circa 99–circa 55 BCE, but the details of his career are unknown. He is the author of the great didactic poem in hexameters, De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things). In six books compounded of solid reasoning, brilliant imagination, and noble poetry, he expounds the scientific theories of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, with the...

Quintus Smyrnaeus' Posthomerica, the only long mythological epic to survive in Greek from the period between Apollonius' Argonautica (3rd century BC) and Nonnus' Dionysiaca (5th century AD), fills in the whole story of the Trojan expedition between the end of Homer's Iliad and the beginning of the Odyssey, which had been treated only episodically by earlier epic and dramatic poets....

Plato, the great philosopher of Athens, was born in 427 BCE. In early manhood, an admirer of Socrates, he later founded the famous school of philosophy in the grove Academus. Much else recorded of his life is uncertain; that he left Athens for a time after Socrates' execution is probable; that later he went to Cyrene, Egypt, and Sicily is...

The Tetrabiblos of the famous astronomer and geographer Claudius Ptolemaeus (ca. 100–178 CE) of Egypt consists of four books. The title given in some manuscripts means 'Mathematical Treatise in Four Books', while in others it is 'The Prognostics addressed to Syrus'. The subject is astrology, which in Ptolemy's time, and down to the Renaissance, was fused as a respectable science...

Plato, the great philosopher of Athens, was born in 427 BCE. In his early manhood, he was an admirer of Socrates and later founded the famous school of philosophy in the grove Academus. Much else recorded of his life is uncertain; it is probable that he left Athens for a time after Socrates' execution. It is possible that he also...

The writings of the Apostolic Fathers give a rich and diverse picture of Christian life and thought in the period immediately after New Testament times. Some of them were accorded almost Scriptural authority in the early Church. This new Loeb edition of these essential texts reflects current idiom and the latest scholarship. Here are the Letters of Ignatius, bishop of...

The historian Polybius (ca. 200–118 BCE) was born into a leading family of Megalopolis in the Peloponnese (Morea) and served the Achaean League in arms and diplomacy for many years, favouring alliance with Rome. From 168 to 151 he was held hostage in Rome, where he became a friend of Lucius Aemilius Paulus and his two sons, especially Scipio Aemilianus,...

Josephus, soldier, statesman, historian, was a Jew born at Jerusalem around 37 CE. A man of high descent, he early became learned in Jewish law and Greek literature and was a Pharisee. After pleading in Rome the cause of some Jewish priests, he returned to Jerusalem and in 66 tried to prevent revolt against Rome, managing for the Jews the...

Cicero (Marcus Tullius, 106–43 BCE), Roman lawyer, orator, politician, and philosopher, is a figure about whom we know more than any other Roman. He lived through the stirring era that saw the rise, dictatorship, and death of Julius Caesar during a tottering republic. In his political speeches, especially in his correspondence, we witness the excitement, tension, and intrigue of politics,...

Philostratus's colourful biography of Apollonius of Tyana, recounting the sayings and miracles of a Pythagorean sage, incidentally provoked a long-lasting debate between pagans and Christians. This volume, which completes the new Loeb Classical Library edition of the Life of Apollonius of Tyana, provides historical context for that much-discussed third-century portrayal of a charismatic religious teacher. Here is a new translation...

Augustinus (354–430 CE), son of a pagan, Patricius of Tagaste in North Africa, and his Christian wife Monica, while studying in Africa to become a rhetorician, plunged into a turmoil of philosophical and psychological doubts in search of truth, joining for a time the Manichaean society. He became a teacher of grammar at Tagaste, and lived much under the influence...

Theophrastus of Eresus in Lesbos, born about 370 BCE, is the author of the most important botanical works that have survived from classical antiquity. He was in turn student, collaborator, and successor of Aristotle. Like his predecessor, he was interested in all aspects of human knowledge and experience, especially natural science. His writings on plants form a counterpart to Aristotle's...

Pausanias, born probably in Lydia in Asia Minor, was a Greek of the 2nd century CE, approximately 120–180, who travelled widely not only in Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt and North Africa, but also in Greece and Italy, including Rome. He left a description of Greece in ten books, resembling a topographical guidebook or tour of Attica, the Peloponnese, and central...

Quintus Ennius (239–169 BC), widely regarded as the father of Roman literature, was instrumental in creating a new Roman literary identity and inspired major developments in Roman religion, social organisation, and popular culture. Brought in 204 to Rome in the entourage of Cato, Ennius took up residence on the Aventine and, fluent in his native Oscan as well as Greek...

Quintus Ennius (239–169 BC), widely regarded as the father of Roman literature, was instrumental in creating a new Roman literary identity and inspired major developments in Roman religion, social organisation, and popular culture. Brought in 204 to Rome in the entourage of Cato, Ennius took up residence on the Aventine and, fluent in his native Oscan as well as Greek...

This is the second volume in the Loeb Classical Library's complete edition of Hippocrates' invaluable texts, which provide essential information about the practice of medicine in antiquity and about Greek theories concerning the human body. It contains eight treatises: respectively treating the prediction of acute diseases; the proper diet against them; the natural causes of epilepsy; medicine's status as an...

Aelian's Historical Miscellany is a pleasurable example of light reading for Romans of the early third century. Offering engaging anecdotes about historical figures, retellings of legendary events, and enjoyable descriptive pieces, Aelian's collection of nuggets and narratives appealed to a wide reading public. Here then are anecdotes about the famous Greek philosophers, poets, historians, and playwrights; myths instructively retold; moralizing...

The Letters of Alciphron (second century CE) constitute one of the most attractive products of the Second Sophistic. They are fictitious compositions based on an astonishingly wide variety of circumstances, though the theme of erotic love is constantly sounded. The imagination shown by the author and his convincing realism win him a place of distinction in the early development of...

Ammianus Marcellinus, ca. 325–ca. 395 CE, a Greek of Antioch, joined the army when still young and served under the governor Ursicinus and the emperor of the East Constantius II, and later under the emperor Julian, whom he admired and accompanied against the Alamanni and the Persians. He subsequently settled in Rome, where he wrote in Latin a history of...

This volume completes the Loeb Classical Library's new edition of the leading writer of New Comedy. W. G. Arnott, an internationally recognised Menander expert, provides a Greek text based on careful study of recently discovered papyri, a facing translation that is lucid and fits today's tastes, and full explanatory notes. So influential in antiquity—his plays were adapted for the Roman...

Nonnos of Panopolis in Egypt, who lived in the fifth century of our era, composed the last great epic poem of antiquity. The Dionysiaca, in 48 books, has for its chief theme the expedition of Dionysus against the Indians. However, the poet contrives to include all the adventures of the god (as well as much other mythological lore) in a...

Aristotle, the great Greek philosopher, researcher, reasoner, and writer, was born at Stagirus in 384 BCE. He was the son of Nicomachus, a physician, and Phaestis. Aristotle studied under Plato at Athens, where he also taught from 367 to 347. He later spent three years at the court of a former pupil, Hermeias, in Asia Minor, during which time he...

Publius Aelius Aristides Theodorus was among the most celebrated authors of the Second Sophistic and an important figure in the transmission of Hellenism. Born to wealthy landowners in Mysia in 117, he studied in Athens and Pergamum before he fell chronically ill in the early 140s and retreated to Pergamum's healing shrine of Asclepius. By 147, Aristides was able to...

A Platonic evangelist's lectures on the good life. Maximus of Tyre, active probably in the latter half of the second century AD, was a devoted Platonist whose only surviving work consists of forty-one brief addresses on various topics of ethical, philosophical, and theological import. These include the nature of divinity, the immortality of the soul, the sources of good and...

The Saturnalia, Macrobius's encyclopedic celebration of Roman culture written in the early fifth century CE, has been prized since the Renaissance as a treasure trove of otherwise unattested lore. Cast in the form of a dialogue, the Saturnalia treats subjects as diverse as the divinity of the Sun and the quirks of human digestion while showcasing Virgil as the master...

This is the first of two volumes featuring a selection of Greek papyri relating to private and public business. The collection spans from before 300 BCE to the eighth century CE. Most of these papyri were discovered in rubbish heaps, remains of ancient houses, or tombs in Egypt. They provide valuable insights into the administration, social and economic conditions in...

Cicero (Marcus Tullius, 106–43 BCE), Roman lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, of whom we know more than of any other Roman, lived through the stirring era which saw the rise, dictatorship, and death of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic. In his political speeches especially and in his correspondence, we see the excitement, tension and intrigue of politics and the...

Aulus Gellius (ca. 123–170 CE) is known almost wholly from his Noctes Atticae, Attic Nights, so called because it was begun during the nights of an Attic winter. The work collects in twenty books (of Book VIII only the index is extant) interesting notes covering philosophy, history, biography, all sorts of antiquities, points of law, literary criticism, and lexicographic matters,...

This volume collects important examples of Greek literary portraiture. The Characters of Theophrastus consists of thirty fictional sketches of men who are each dominated by a single fault, such as arrogance, boorishness, or superstition. The Hellenistic poet Herodas wrote mimes, a popular entertainment in which one actor or a small group portrayed a situation from everyday life, concentrating on depiction...

Plato, the great philosopher of Athens, was born in 427 BCE. In early manhood, he was an admirer of Socrates and later founded the famous school of philosophy in the grove Academus. Much else recorded of his life is uncertain; it is probable that he left Athens for a time after Socrates' execution. It is possible that he later went...

Augustinus (354–430 CE), son of a pagan, Patricius of Tagaste in North Africa, and his Christian wife Monica, while studying in Africa to become a rhetorician, plunged into a turmoil of philosophical and psychological doubts in search of truth, joining for a time the Manichaean society. He became a teacher of grammar at Tagaste, and lived much under the influence...

Augustinus (354–430 CE), son of a pagan, Patricius of Tagaste in North Africa, and his Christian wife Monica, while studying in Africa to become a rhetorician, plunged into a turmoil of philosophical and psychological doubts in search of truth, joining for a time the Manichaean society. He became a teacher of grammar at Tagaste, and lived much under the influence...

Plato, the great philosopher of Athens, was born in 427 BCE. In early manhood, an admirer of Socrates, he later founded the famous school of philosophy in the grove Academus. Much else recorded of his life is uncertain; that he left Athens for a time after Socrates' execution is probable; that later he went to Cyrene, Egypt, and Sicily is...

Xenophon (ca. 430 to ca. 354 BCE) was a wealthy Athenian and friend of Socrates. He left Athens in 401 and joined an expedition including ten thousand Greeks led by the Persian governor Cyrus against the Persian king. After the defeat of Cyrus, it fell to Xenophon to lead the Greeks from the gates of Babylon back to the coast...

Theophrastus of Eresus in Lesbos, born about 370 BCE, is the author of the most important botanical works that have survived from classical antiquity. He was in turn student, collaborator, and successor of Aristotle. Like his predecessor, he was interested in all aspects of human knowledge and experience, especially natural science. His writings on plants form a counterpart to Aristotle's...

Pausanias, born probably in Lydia in Asia Minor, was a Greek of the 2nd century CE, about 120–180, who travelled widely not only in Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt, and North Africa, but also in Greece and Italy, including Rome. He left a description of Greece in ten books, which is like a topographical guidebook or tour of Attica, the Peloponnese,...

Strabo (ca. 64 BCE to ca. 25 CE), an Asiatic Greek of Amasia in Pontus, studied at Nysa and after 44 BCE at Rome. He became a keen traveller who saw a large part of Italy, various Near Eastern regions including the Black Sea, various parts of Asia Minor, Egypt as far as Ethiopia, and parts of Greece. He spent...

Josephus, soldier, statesman, historian, was a Jew born at Jerusalem about 37 CE. A man of high descent, he early became learned in Jewish law and Greek literature and was a Pharisee. After pleading in Rome the cause of some Jewish priests he returned to Jerusalem and in 66 tried to prevent revolt against Rome, managing for the Jews the...

Thucydides of Athens, one of the greatest historians, was born about 471 BCE. He witnessed the rise of Athens to greatness under the inspired leadership of Pericles. In 430, during the second year of the Peloponnesian War, he caught and survived the horrible plague, which he described so graphically. Later, as a general in 423, Thucydides failed to save Amphipolis...

Strabo (ca. 64 BCE to ca. 25 CE), an Asiatic Greek of Amasia in Pontus, studied at Nysa and after 44 BCE at Rome. He became a keen traveller who saw a large part of Italy, various Near Eastern regions including the Black Sea, various parts of Asia Minor, Egypt as far as Ethiopia, and parts of Greece. He spent...

Xenophon (ca. 430 to ca. 354 BCE) was a wealthy Athenian and friend of Socrates. He left Athens in 401 and joined an expedition including ten thousand Greeks led by the Persian governor Cyrus against the Persian king. After the defeat of Cyrus, it fell to Xenophon to lead the Greeks from the gates of Babylon back to the coast...

Livy (Titus Livius), the great Roman historian, was born at or near Patavium (Padua) in 64 or 59 BCE; he may have lived mostly in Rome but died at Patavium, in 12 or 17 CE. Livy's only extant work is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books, we...

Procopius, born at Caesarea in Palestine late in the 5th century, became a lawyer. In 527 CE, he was made legal adviser and secretary of Belisarius, commander against the Persians, and went with Belisarius again in 533 against the Vandals and in 535 against the Ostrogoths. Sometime after 540, he returned to Constantinople. He may have been that Procopius who...

Livy (Titus Livius), the great Roman historian, was born at or near Patavium (Padua) in 64 or 59 BCE; he may have lived mostly in Rome but died at Patavium, in 12 or 17 CE. Livy's only extant work is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books, we...

Pliny the Elder, a tireless researcher and writer, is the author of the encyclopaedic Natural History, in 37 books, an unrivalled compendium of Roman knowledge. The contents of the books are as follows: Book 1: table of contents of the others and of authorities; 2: mathematical and metrological survey of the universe; 3-6: geography and ethnography of the known world;...

Livy (Titus Livius), the great Roman historian, was born at or near Patavium (Padua) in 64 or 59 BCE. He may have lived mostly in Rome but died at Patavium, in 12 or 17 CE. Livy's only extant work is part of his history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 BCE. Of its 142 books, we...

Galen of Pergamum (129–?199/216), physician to the court of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, was a philosopher, scientist, medical historian, theoretician, and practitioner who wrote forcefully and prolifically on an astonishing range of subjects, whose impact on later eras rivaled that of Aristotle. Galen synthesized the entirety of Greek medicine as a basis for his own doctrines and practice, which comprehensively...

Plutarch (Plutarchus), circa 45–120 CE, was born at Chaeronea in Boeotia in central Greece. He studied philosophy at Athens, and after coming to Rome as a teacher in philosophy, was given consular rank by the emperor Trajan and a procuratorship in Greece by Hadrian. He was married and the father of one daughter and four sons. He appears as a...

Josephus, soldier, statesman, historian, was a Jew born at Jerusalem about 37 CE. A man of high descent, he early became learned in Jewish law and Greek literature and was a Pharisee. After pleading in Rome the cause of some Jewish priests, he returned to Jerusalem and in 66 tried to prevent revolt against Rome, managing for the Jews the...

Plutarch (Plutarchus), circa 45–120 CE, was born at Chaeronea in Boeotia in central Greece. He studied philosophy at Athens and, after coming to Rome as a teacher in philosophy, was given consular rank by the emperor Trajan and a procuratorship in Greece by Hadrian. He was married and the father of one daughter and four sons. Plutarch appears as a...

Thucydides of Athens, one of the greatest of historians, was born about 471 BCE. He saw the rise of Athens to greatness under the inspired leadership of Pericles. In 430, the second year of the Peloponnesian War, he caught and survived the horrible plague which he described so graphically. Later, as general in 423, he failed to save Amphipolis from...

Cicero (Marcus Tullius, 106–43 BCE), Roman lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, of whom we know more than of any other Roman, lived through the stirring era which saw the rise, dictatorship, and death of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic. In his political speeches especially and in his correspondence, we see the excitement, tension and intrigue of politics and the...

Julian, Volume II by Julian recounts the life of Julian (Flavius Claudius Iulianus) "the Apostate", a Roman Emperor who lived from 331 or 332 to 363 CE. Born and educated in Constantinople as a Christian, Julian's early years were marked by precariousness, influencing his devotion to literature and philosophy. Eventually, he embraced paganism, studying in various Greek cities. In 355,...

Aristotle, the great Greek philosopher, researcher, reasoner, and writer, was born at Stagirus in 384 BCE. He was the son of Nicomachus, a physician, and Phaestis. Under Plato's tutelage at Athens, he studied and later taught there from 367 to 347 BCE. Subsequently, he spent three years at the court of a former pupil, Hermeias, in Asia Minor. During this...

In letters to his dear friend Atticus, Cicero reveals himself as to no other of his correspondents except, perhaps, his brother. These letters, in this four-volume series, also provide a vivid picture of a momentous period in Roman history—years marked by the rise of Julius Caesar and the downfall of the Republic. When the correspondence begins in November 68 BCE,...

To his dear friend Atticus, Cicero reveals himself as to no other of his correspondents except perhaps his brother. In Cicero's Letters to Atticus we get an intimate look at his motivations and convictions and his reactions to what is happening in Rome. These letters also provide a vivid picture of a momentous period in Roman history, years marked by...

Cicero was a prodigious letter writer, and happily a splendid treasury of his letters has come down to us: collected and in part published not long after his death, over 800 of them were rediscovered by Petrarch and other humanists in the fourteenth century. Among classical texts this correspondence is unparalleled; nowhere else do we get such an intimate look...

The philosopher Philo was born about 20 BCE to a prominent Jewish family in Alexandria, the chief home of the Jewish Diaspora as well as the chief centre of Hellenistic culture. He was trained in Greek as well as Jewish learning. In attempting to reconcile biblical teachings with Greek philosophy, he developed ideas that had wide influence on Christian and...

Suetonius (C. Suetonius Tranquillus, born ca. 70 CE), son of a military tribune, was at first an advocate and a teacher of rhetoric, but later became the emperor Hadrian's private secretary from 119–121. He dedicated to C. Septicius Clarus, prefect of the praetorian guard, his Lives of the Caesars. After the dismissal of both men for some breach of court...

Plutarch (Plutarchus), ca. 45–120 CE, was born at Chaeronea in Boeotia in central Greece. He studied philosophy at Athens and, after coming to Rome as a teacher in philosophy, was given consular rank by the emperor Trajan and a procuratorship in Greece by Hadrian. He was married and the father of one daughter and four sons. He appears as a...

Valerius Maximus compiled his handbook of notable deeds and sayings during the reign of Tiberius (14-37 CE). The collection was very popular in the Renaissance and has recently attracted renewed scholarly attention. Yet to date, there has been no modern English translation of Memorable Doings and Sayings. This work is now added to the Loeb Classical Library, featuring a freshly...

Plutarch (Plutarchus), ca. 45–120 CE, was born at Chaeronea in Boeotia in central Greece, studied philosophy at Athens, and, after coming to Rome as a teacher in philosophy, was given consular rank by the emperor Trajan and a procuratorship in Greece by Hadrian. He was married and the father of one daughter and four sons. He appears as a man...

Plutarch (Plutarchus), ca. 45–120 CE, was born at Chaeronea in Boeotia in central Greece. He studied philosophy at Athens and, after coming to Rome as a teacher in philosophy, was given consular rank by the emperor Trajan and a procuratorship in Greece by Hadrian. He was married and the father of one daughter and four sons. He appears as a...

Pliny the Elder, tireless researcher and writer, is the author of the encyclopedic Natural History, in 37 books, an unrivalled compendium of Roman knowledge. The contents of the books are as follows. Book 1: Table of contents of the others and of authorities. Book 2: Mathematical and metrological survey of the universe. Books 3-6: Geography and ethnography of the known...

Pliny the Elder, tireless researcher and writer, is author of the encyclopedic Natural History, in 37 books, an unrivalled compendium of Roman knowledge. The contents of the books are as follows: Book 1: table of contents of the others and of authorities; 2: mathematical and metrological survey of the universe; 3-6: geography and ethnography of the known world; 7: anthropology...